Evaluate an International Expansion Strategy for Goya Essay

Goya, the largest Hispanic-owned company in the United States, has established itself as not just a popular brand of Hispanic food products but also has become the market’s standard of quality and competitiveness. Established in 1936 as an import company to supply the demand for authentic Mexican and Spanish cuisine, the company is now producing and developing its own products (Goya, 2007a). Despite the extensive competition from larger food manufacturing companies and the opening of American markets by European and South American suppliers, Goya has been able to maintain its market leadership and develop new products and markets (Goya Foods, 1999). One of the factors cited for the continued success of the company is its marketing strategies with the Latino community. Considering that the Hispanic community and consumers of Hispanic food products are expected to represent 25% of the United State’s retail food market by 2050, this competency is one that other companies would like to acquire for themselves (Hoffman, 2003, p. 5). The objective of this paper is to investigate the environmental marketing forces that Goya considers in developing its marketing strategies, how it characterizes different subgroups in its market and the merits of expanding its target market to non-Latino consumers. In doing so, the paper will be able to understand the perspectives and insights that Goya has used and has become instrumental for its success (Riell, 2007). Environmental Forces Prioritized Among the six environmental forces discussed, natural, technological, political and legal, economic, competitive, and socio-cultural, the last three that are considered the most in Goya’s marketing strategy. Though the other factors are also considered, they figure more significantly in the company’s corporate and operation strategies (Demetrakakes, 2003). Though they do not directly relate to the company’s marketing strategy, it should also be recognized that they can impact the market effectiveness of the company. Thus, Goya considers all of these environmental forces as important factors to consider (Hoffman, 2003). Economic Forces Economic forces are important to the company’s marketing strategy because of its interest in retail markets. The case study of the company presented by Hoffman points out that since the Latino market will represent a substantial chunk of the consumer market, they will exert greater demand for products and may in fact shift the market towards buyers. At the same time, the size of the market will also increase its attractiveness to new players as well as marketing requirements (Goya, 2007a). Thus, it has been important for the company to establish itself as the premiere choice of consumers and to have a great sensitive to the market. According to Andy Unanue, CEO-in-waiting apparent, the company’s sensitivity to the shifts in purchasing power and the rate of entry of alternative products has been critical. Schiantarelli’s (2005) study indicates that the company’s sensitivity to macroeconomic factors in its major markets allows it to maximize economic growth areas. In doing so, the company is not only able to sell itself but is also able to establish itself at times where markets tend to liberal. Michael (19980 that the strategy of targeting these developing economies also allows the company to reposition its mature products or specialize markets for particular products. Johansson’s (2001) view suggests that economy-related strategies in marketing are critical in establishing long-term goals. Furthermore, the company has also endeavored to be sensitive to the economic development in Latin America which aside from being a major market also is important its supply chain. Latin American has been able to increase its supply power in world markets and have required higher prices for their goods. Furthermore, there has been significantly more mobility in capital and trade liberalization from the 1970’s (Bulmer-Thomas, 2006). This creates a challenge for the company to be more cost-effective and as well as market-oriented in its approach. The trend has been successful in controlling inflation rates and allowed significantly greater role of the middle class which, to Goya’s advantage, represents a significant bulk of its market (Hoffman, 2003). Competitive Forces Just as importantly, if not more urgent, is the increasing competitiveness in the market. As mentioned, the size of the market is attracting significant interest from new players. New players range from mainstream food manufacturing markets as well as direct competitors (Demetrakakes, 2003). Though the company has been able to maintain its position, it estimates the competition in the market to significantly increase. Goya sees the need to deal with the entry of larger competitors with more extensive distribution channels and prominent brands (Goya, 2007a). The entry of new competitors also can induce a price war which can reduce the company’s profit margin and limit Goya as a niche brand instead of its objective to be a mainstream one. Johansson (2001) points out that price wars have the potential of sifting advantage from producers and raise quality standards. Though this can create vitality in the market, if competitors saturate the market, particularly when the market does not expand proportionally, then operational costs can not be justified. Waltuck (2005) raises concerns regarding fragmentation of the market amongst the competitors which can make logistics of assessing and accessing markets more challenging. To respond to these concerns, Goya maintains communication and relations with its market, following closely market preference, demographics, and psychographics as well as migration movements. This also reinforces the brand’s image as part of the Latino culture and identity. The company’s belief is that â€Å"Latinos like buying things they consider their own, that are authentic† (Hoffman, 2003, p. 35). Thus the company does not only rely strictly on the actual quality of the product but is also able to maintain the perceived quality of the product which lies more beyond the control of the company. Another element that can be enhanced by the strategy is the reputation of the company, a confidence which extends beyond the sales performance Goya Maksimovic and Sheridan (2005) point out that this has also been increasingly important factors in the financial reputations of companies. In the case of Goya, one of the reason’s for its cooperate success is its hold on the market, a fact that creates significance confidence for investors as indicated by the company’s rank among Forbes Top 500 companies in the United States (Riell, 2007). Conversely, this rating also reinforces Goya as a premiere brand and creates pride among the Latino community. Socio-Cultural Forces Considering that the company’s imaging is anchored on its being a Latino product, socio-cultural factors can be seen as the most important consideration of the company’s marketing strategy. According to Johansson’s (2001) assessment of Latin markets, there is great attachment for family and cultural heritage that emphasizes religion, culture, community and tradition. Social and family gatherings are focused on reinforcing these elements and since these events involve the preparation of traditional cuisine, the demand for food ingredients is just as important. Goya’s view on Latin culture considers the development of identity, social skills and value systems and unique attributes associated within subgroups due to geography, ethnicity or nationality. A survey of Goya’s products shows that they are labeled using traditional names of products , emphasis on the traditional designs and effort is made to develop product variations to accommodate tastes (Demetrakakes, 2003). For example, salsa products are offered in several levels of spice intensity or chili combinations (Goya, 2007b). This accommodates for variances in preparation of products based on traditions within the Latino community. In addition to responding to indelible facets of the market, the company has also become adept in responding to socio-cultural changes within the community. Bulmer-Thomas (2006) points out that Latin American markets are changing significantly because of liberalization and diversification of its markets to which he attributes changes on social dynamics. One of the most significant changes is in the role of women. Traditional Hispanic households have been characterized as the primary homemakers thus most of the company’s products targeted women specifically in contrast to today, products are designed to be more non-gender specific. Another indication of the company’s sensitivity to the socio-cultural background of its clientele is in its efforts to educate non-Latino customers to Latin culture. Most products have anecdotal information regarding the origin, manner of preparation or cultural references of the product. This may also be an effort to reinforce Latin culture amongst on-traditional or mixed-heritage families. In recognition of the lifestyle and economic status of its market, Goya has also developed instant or quick preparation products. This was a response to surveys that most Latino families have shifted to become dual families as well as an effort to cater to casual dining markets. Another response to changes in lifestyle is the development of frozen and low-sodium products. The former has also contributed to extend the shelf of prepared and ready-to-eat products while the latter is a response to medical studies of the Latino population that indicated heart and kidney diseases as major health risks (Johansson, 2001). This type of valuation is again creates sensitivity and insight to their target market which reinforce the brand to the market (Johnson, 2006). Furthermore, this creates social significance to the products since they become intimately associated not only to the idea of Latino food but to Latino identity as a whole. Understanding Subgroups within the Latino Community Latino is considered an umbrella to encompass a number of nationalities characterized by Latin American or Spanish ancestry. According to Hoffman (2003, pp. 22-24) there is a need to understand various subgroups within the community to respond to nationalistic, ethnic or cultural identifications. The study of Bulmer-Thomas (2006) reinforces this idea by showing that individual national, ethnic and cultural experience has a direct relationship with market perceptions and performance. He uses the example of Brazil and Mexico as an example: European products are perceived better than American products in the former while the reverse is what is prevalent in Mexican markets. Thus, Goya can expect to contend with similar products from European products in Brazil and American brands in Mexico. Johnson (2006) points out that generalized identity constructions like in the use of the term â€Å"Latino† to refer to a segment of the population always creates conflicts with the recognition of multiculturalism. This can fail to recognize social dynamics within the community that have developed from historical conflicts or social positions. Aside from the obvious differences in nationality, social stratification is also prevalent as seen in social labels used to refer to ethnic minorities or those of mixed heritage still persist. In not recognizing these groups, there can only be limited recognition of the diversity within the Latino population. This also precludes the company from truly promoting Latino culture which it has claimed as one its social goals. Keeping diversity within the Latino community will also allow Goya to develop more products and diversify its markets. At the same time, this can be a means of maintaining cultural identity since homogeneity will only make the market more similar to mainstream psychographics. Though the company is targeting mainstream markets, maintain a traditional Latino market is also important because the community showcases Latino traditions, particularly cuisines. Challenges of Market Diversification Goya considers its foray to non-Latino markets. One of the major challenges for the company is to develop a collaborated marketing programs for both Latino and non-Latino markets. There may be a need to accommodate non-Latino market’s lack of familiarity or experience with the Latino traditions. Another constraint that has to be considered is the logistic challenges of supplying the demand of non-Latino markets. This will include not only supplying shelves with the actual products but also changing packaging, variants and modes of products. Other social factors also become an issue: since Latino communities are predominantly Catholics or Christians, there has been no significant need to develop halal-approved products, foods approved for Muslim consumption. So far, adaptation has been of non-Latino markets developing preference for Latino products. Despite this trend which is in the advantage of Goya, a Johansson (2001) point out the need to facilitate the behaviors since adaptations has its limitations. Accessing new markets also exposes Goya to greater competition. This can also be made difficult by the lack of experience in these markets or insights. Goya has stated that it rely its marketing strategies on close monitoring of social trends in its markets however, considering the scale of non-Latino markets, this will be prove more challenging to develop insights on buying preferences to demographic or psychographic characteristics (Besanko, 2005). Hoffman points out that overall globalization trends in societies and markets are highlighting the need for competitive advantage and at the same social sensitivity. There is no denying that has shown its cultural sensitivity, the next challenge is to develop sensitivity to non-Latino markets. Riell (2007) suggests further cross-over market testing of products. Similarly, Waltuck (2005) suggest the Goya should use both market and product strategies. Market strategies will accommodate for the dissimilarities with its traditional markets while product strategies will be a means to determine what products are already marketable to non-Latino markets. Conclusion The Goya Company has become an icon not only culturally but also commercially. In recent years, Latino communities worldwide have become more prominent in consumer markets because of rapid growth in Latin American countries as well as increasing social significance of Latino migrants particularly in the North America. Furthermore, interests in its traditions and culture have created new market opportunities of Latino products in mainstream markets. Interest in these products have proven themselves more than a fad but many non-Latino consumers have indicated their preference for Latino cuisine and food products. As public image and social responsibility become more of an issue for companies, Goya’s approach to business has lent them not only market presence but also social relevance. Its current objective to access mainstream markets is not surprising considering the current internet of non-Latino consumers of its products. However, there is also need to realize and respond to the demands of doing so will have for the company. Together with the change is scale, there is also a need to develop new competencies to maintain the strategic advantages that has established its success in Latino markets. In conclusion, Goya should assess the environmental forces of its new markets, particularly those that influence the economics, competitiveness and socio-cultural characteristics of the market. In doing so, the company will be able to prove that there is not only an existing demand for its products but that potential for them is not limited to culture, race, ethnicity or nationality.

College Campus Essay

In this assignment we are going to design a campus network. Delta Community College (DCC) is a small college. It is attended by 600 full and part time students. The students do not live on campus. There are three dormitories for the students and each dorm can accommodate 400 students. Distance from the college campus to the dorms are: †¢ Dorm1 College Campus = 22KM †¢ Dorm2 College Campus = 5KM †¢ Dorm3 College Campus = 15KM Numbers of students are expected to be doubled every 4 years. There are 4 departments: †¢ Arts and Humanities †¢ Business †¢ Social Sciences †¢ Mathematics. Every department has an average of 150 Students and an average of 10 professors each. There are approximately 20 Administrative personnel available. It is expected that everyone in the college should get access to the network. Students when they are in the dormitory should also get access to the college network. We need to design a computer network so that it is good for next 4 years. Now do the following: A. Every department and dormitory should be put on their own subnet. When you design the subnetting make sure your design support the following: 10 Points i. 3 subnets for 3 dorms each should support 400 hosts ii. Different subnets for 4 departments †¢ Students and professors should be in different subnets. There are 300 students and 10 professors per department iii. A subnet for administrative department which should support at least 30 hosts The assigned IP address is 10. 5. 3. 0/20. So do you think using this IP address we can design all the necessary subnets with at least the required numbers of hosts? If yes then design the subnet structure by showing the assigned IP address range for every subnet. If no then say why. B. Apply a hierarchical approach to design this network. Your design should include:7 Points i. Core Layer ii. Distribution Layer iii. Access Layer In the designed network you need to mention what network device such as: cables, hubs, switches, routers etc. you are going to include in each layer. C. Dormitories are connected to the campus network via Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable. Because of attenuation loss we need to splice the fiber optic cable every 10km. if the splicing loss is: 0. 35dB then find out total splicing loss for every connection to each dormitory. 3 Points Note: There is at least 500m distance from the main server to different departments. So choose proper cabling when you connect the departments to the main server.

Arthur Anderson' Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arthur Anderson' Management - Case Study Example In Arthur Anderson, the main legal issue was compliance with accounting rules and regulations influenced the company. The company organized its activities taking into account accounting standards and norms of reporting accepted by the state and federal agencies. (Arthur Andersen 2007). To operate without major disruptions, Arthur Anderson was in compliance with legal requirements, international, federal, state, and local. It developed, established, implemented, and policed a code of ethical and moral conduct for all members of its organization. The ethical issue involved fair treatment of clients and employees. On the corporate level, Arthur Anderson accepted policies and regulations determining decent incomes and working conditions. In the legal area the objective were simply to obey the law. If the company considers the law unfair, then it should make efforts to get the law modified or repealed, or it should attempt to get relief from certain sections of the law (Friedman 1970). If none of these options is available and the law is too restrictive, then the company must evaluate the possibility of changing its way of doing business or of moving to a new location where the law does not exist. This need for continuous top management and other levels of management participation and support in such programs is reinforced by four separate studies on establishing and implementing social responsibility programs (Ringle, 2002). For Arthur Anderson, establishing and implementing a program was not a simple process and required cont inued top management involvement (Friedman, 1970). Arthur Anderson stated that the stockholders deserved a reasonable return on their investments; the business had to stay competitive; and the community expected some form of support from the business. This was a balancing act that each business must evaluate for itself as a part of its total social responsibility commitment. Because many people perceived right and wrong from different angles, the objective of the company in the area of ethical and moral standards were to establish what it would and would not tolerate. Since not detecting or overlooking violations weakened the fear of punishment, a system of inspection was implemented and strict levels of punishment enforced for violation of the code. Great care was exercised in all of these areas (Ringle, 2002). Expenses for implementation and control could not get out of hand, and policing and enforcement could not be done in a way that adversely affected the attitudes or the creativity of the employees. In the area of philanthropic activity, where there was considerably more latitude of operations in how, when, where, and even if the company or division wanted to contribute money or other resources to "worthy causes," the firm deliberated about and resolved many questions prior to establishing fair and workable guidelines. When the course of action was decided upon, then detailed plans for necessary management activities were developed, such as basic tactics, sequences, and timing; organization; allocation of resources; staffing; directing and controlling; evaluation; and, if appropriate, provisions for recycling the project. The planning process was used to accomplish accounting initiatives, and any other stand-alone action with its

Computer H Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Computer H - Essay Example The statutes and charters in these industries do not distinguish the variations in such technologies. This advocates for the frequent lawsuits between companies and transnational organizations. Moreover, the patent laws in the industry emphasis on flexibility due to the vast growth and development of new technologies (Jordan, 2012). Competition is always a significant element in all industries but in computer technology production sharing ideas on areas such as graphic user interface and operating systems is not a major issue because novelty and innovation are the key determinants of success in such an industry. Relatively, the flexibility aspect of the patent laws and system in general only give protection on a neutral perspective hence making it easy for a company such as Apple to sue Samsung (Grandoni, 2013). Due to the constant lawsuit in the last decade, some of the recent advancements in the computer industry entailed the expansion of a wide scope of the patent laws in different technologies. A good example is on software development where firms like Apple, Microsoft or even Google have no idea on the patents they overstep because they operate at an international level (Goldman, 2012). The patent laws in the United States might not be the same in places like India or Japan. Currently, statistics show that software patents are in hundreds of thousands especially with over 30,000 new ones developed in 2014 alone. With such as wide scope, most of the infringement companies involve in is usually unintentional (Jordan, 2012). Additionally, the multi-billion dollar companies such as Google, IBM and Microsoft have their own patents based on their products; not software development. This patents or charters act as a threat towards their competitors and it is the duty of all these companies to know the regulations/ patents set by competing rivals in the industry or else it can lead to lawsuits (Megan, 2012). For instance, Yahoo has around a thousand patents

Social media - internet forum,email and picture sharing Term Paper

Social media - internet forum,email and picture sharing - Term Paper Example At the present, almost all the business organizations are well aware of the fact that the use of the Internet can be very helpful for better serving customers and reaching into the international markets. When the size and business of a company expands the need for the distribution of these products to their target customers also increases. In this scenario, the Internet marketing is the most excellent way that offers higher potency and access to international markets for the marketing of products. On the other hand, traditional marketing and its techniques have turned out to be less efficient to defeat the need for more targeted and wide marketing. In addition, with the emergence of the Internet, the techniques of marketing not only have changed but also improved amazingly, and at the present business organization are more talented in telling their stories and carrying out their marketing communications out there (Rao, Salam and DosSantos; Summers, Gardiner and Lamb; Watson, Zinkhan and Pitt). This paper presents an overview of some of the important marketing and advertising techniques such as email, internet forums and picture sharing. The basic aim of this research is to show how these marketing techniques can play a significant role in business marketing. Changing Trend in Advertisement and Promotion As discussed in the above section, in the past few years the majority of business organizations have started making use of the Internet to reach worldwide customers and access international markets without spending a lot of money.... In addition, the Web-based nature of social networks allows the business organizations to make use of this modern tool in different forms that can take benefit of the users' personal and social data. In fact, these social networking websites have a great effect on the social life of a lot of people, even more than millions of people that make use of these web sites directly (Golbeck; Conti, Hasani and Crispo). Keeping the numerous benefits of social networks in mind, Sony Corporation took a great advantage of this wonderful technology, which has proven to be successful and effective for its business marketing. According to information given on (Facebook), â€Å"the creation of this Facebook page was aimed at allowing the consumers to engage with the product. Additionally, this advertising campaign attracted more than 173,000 Facebook users that straight away linked to the Sony VAIO Page since September 24, 2010, approximately doubling the objective of catching 90,000 users, also unt il 2011, above 380,000 people had connected to the Page† (Facebook). Figure 1Example of Social Media based Adverting, Image Source: http://ads.ak.facebook.com/ads/FacebookAds/Sony_Vaio_CaseStudy.pdf Online Advertising and Promotion The cost of web based marketing and advertising depends on the experience that a company is looking for. However, the standard cost for per click is about a quarter. In fact, the majority of small size businesses are spending extremely little by performing associated marketing, with other websites to bring traffic to their website. In this scenario, they just pay the host website a proportion of their corporate based on the

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Humanities - Essay Example e, sceptics continuously claim that the flood of Noah in the book of Genesis is a rewritten version of the original myth called the Epic of Gilgamesh written and produced by the Sumerians in a form of a poem. It is imperative to note that, the flood of the epic of Gilgamesh is enclosed on the Tablet XI, which is one of the 212 tablets dated to 650B.C (The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Old Testament, 9). The tablets might not perceptibly be the originals, because the remains of the Gilgamesh flood story have been established on tablets dated to earlier dates such as 2000.B.C. On the other hand, the Genesis story about the flood is not dated, however, the liberal researchers have dated it between 1500-500B.C. some of the similarities that have made liberal scholars believe that the Genesis flood story is founded in the Gilgamesh story include The significance of the names of the heroes does not exhibit any common similarity or linkage. For instance, Noah meant â€Å"rest†, while Utnapishtim meant finder of life. However, both of them were considered righteous and faultless as compared with the rest. On the composition of those who entered the boat, Utnapishtim took a pilot, artisans and his family (The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Old Testament, 10). Equally, it is fascinating to find out that both floods trace to the same place; the Middle East, nonetheless the tow mountains, Ararat and Nisir are 300 miles apart. In addition, the gift or blessing the heroes received after the floods was different. For instance, Noah received the blessing of multiplying and filling the earth and taking charge of all animals, while Utnapishtim was offered eternal life. The account that in both floods a boat existed is an obvious expectation for any danger, there must be a means of escape and the boats served this purpose in both cases. Equally, the construction of the boats was attributed to the knowledge of the coming of danger, which originated from somebody thus the existence of both God

IS cyber bullying an increasing problem for young people in Australia Essay

IS cyber bullying an increasing problem for young people in Australia - Essay Example Ken Rigby explained that this so-called cyber-bullying may be considered as an extension of traditional covert forms of bullying and that this time this is achieved through the use of computers, the Internet and other electronic technology. (p. 112) It is important to underscore that even with the technological context, bullying is still the same: it occurs when a child is subjected to a steady stream of offensive and threatening acts and messages causing stress and fear and without any power to stop it. The physical separation of the bully from his victim is no longer significant particularly in terms of the frequency, scope and depth of harm being given by bullies and experienced by the victims. In a study conducted by Campbell in 2005, it was revealed that approximately 14 per cent of Australian children have been bullied, receiving distressing messages through emails, mobile phones, websites, internet forums and chat rooms. This figures are significant especially amidst the current trends characterized by the increasing rate of cyber bullying and the dangerous effects of this form of aggression as experienced by children across the globe. That is why as in other parts of the world, cyber bullying has become an issue of primary importance in Australia, particularly requiring immediate action from authorities. Mobile phones suddenly became an indispensable accessory for children students as the gadget start to offer multimedia features besides the basic calling functionality. Text messaging also contributed to its appeal among the young. This is the reason why it proved to be a tool in perpetuating bullying as bullies send text messages and mobile phone photos and videos that can be uploaded to the internet for public consumption either to offend, humiliate and hurt other children. According to Eli Cohen, when used for bullying this

Leadership styles of three leaders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership styles of three leaders - Term Paper Example Executive A was humble and he never took the credit of the success, but also considered his teammates for the success of his company. He had the habit of taking the blames on his own shoulders. This quality of Executive A makes him a Level 5 leader. Level 5 leaders do not have the habit of seeking success for the glory. They shy away when they are praised, but they take important and risky decisions fearlessly. A level 5 leader is considered to be a great leader that has all the leadership qualities with a blend of humility. Leadership of Leader BLeader B also considers that when a subordinate commits mistake, it is solely his responsibility and he should be punished for such deed. Leader B is a task-oriented leader. He specifies the tasks and goals that have to be achieved. In this form of leadership style, close supervision and control can be seen. He also has transactional leadership qualities because he utilizes his power to reward or punish employees for their performance or tas k. A transaction leader leads his team and has the power to evaluate, train and rectify his subordinates. He rewards effectively for good performances but also does not tolerate bad performance.Leadership of Leader CLeader C follows the goals and objectives of Executive A. He welcomes employee feedback and inspires them to achieve great success. He sets high goals for the subordinates so that they aspire to achieve them. He wants to be a mentor for his employees rather their boss.... He had the habit of taking the blames on his own shoulders. This quality of Executive A makes him a Level 5 leader. Level 5 leaders do not have the habit of seeking success for the glory. They shy away when they are praised, but they take important and risky decisions fearlessly. A level 5 leader is considered to be a great leader that has all the leadership qualities with a blend of humility. Leadership of Leader B Leader B also considers that when a subordinate commits mistake, it is solely his responsibility and he should be punished for such deed. Leader B is a task-oriented leader. He specifies the tasks and goals that have to be achieved. In this form of leadership style, close supervision and control can be seen. He also has transactional leadership qualities because he utilizes his power to reward or punish employees for their performance or task. A transaction leader leads his team and has the power to evaluate, train and rectify his subordinates. He rewards effectively for good performances but also does not tolerate bad performance. Leadership of Leader C Leader C follows the goals and objectives of Executive A. He welcomes employee feedback and inspires them to achieve great success. He sets high goals for the subordinates so that they aspire to achieve them. He wants to be a mentor for his employees rather their boss. He listens to his team members and takes their feedback to bring about positive changes in the organization. So Leader C has transformational leadership qualities. He has the ability to motivate employees and drive them towards the success of the company and also their individual achievement. He has the qualities to bring about

Multinational Companies Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Multinational Companies Management - Essay Example This is the same in the case of employee retention. However it is very difficult for any organisation to take the necessary steps to retain its workforce and ensure that they remain loyal and engaged, and when this has to be carried out by an organisation with many different cultural dimensions the strategies that need to be adopted become even more difficult and complex. The author believes that through this study, she will be able to gain sufficient information on the specific steps that can be taken by a transnational organisations with regard to managing and retaining employees while remaining profitable and ensuring that they remain loyal and engaged and highly productive, thus making the organisation even more profitable. THE DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES THAT CAN BE ADOPTED BY AN ORGANISATION WITH A DIVERSE WORKFORCE TO RETAIN ITS WORKFORCE, ENSURE EMPLOYEE LOYALTY AND ENGAGEMENT AND CONTINUE TO STAY PROFITABLE IN BOOM AND BUST CONDITIONS In this document the author proposes the methods and the type of research study that she will undertake in fulfillment of her degree requirement. The author is currently interested in studying how Multinational Companies such as Microsoft, IBM, Toyota, Honda, General Electric, Coke Cola, Unilevers, General Motors, Hewlett Packard and Sony can do to retain its employees, keep them engaged and loyal to the organisation, while ensuring that the organisation remains profitable through boom and bust conditions. In this proposal the author discusses the research objectives, the research topic, the methodology that she wishes to adopt, the limitations of the study, and finally the dissertation structure and the time line for the study. The author has carried out a brief literature review into the subject area and has presented it in this research to give the proposal more background and to justify the reason for the choice. Research Objectives Here the author will give a brief overview of the objectives of the research study that she will evaluate for completion at the end of the research. Gain an in-depth understanding of the importance of employee retention for a multi-national organisation. Gain an in-depth understanding of the importance of employee engagement for a multi-national organisation. Gain an understanding of the co-relationship between the profitability of the organisation, employee retention, employee engageme

Celebrity Endorsement in India Essay Example for Free

Celebrity Endorsement in India Essay In India, celebrities are idolized as Gods and marketers have been trying their best to tap on this emotional connect of the people with the celebrities. Today, most of the popular brands are being endorsed by a famous personality either from entertainment industry or sports arena. Strategic brand positioning and effective communication are the keys to success in todays market where many brands compete in the same category for the market share. Companies are employing their maximum might to promote their brands and occupy a long lasting image in the minds of the consumers. In India, television is the most popular and effective means of the mass communication. There are over three million television commercials being aired every year. However, 80 percent of them are forgotten by the people in a day or two. So, it is imperative for the marketers to ensure that their ad campaign stands out amongst the crowd (Suhalka, n.d.). Since advertising is a highly critical tool for luring customers to make purchases, Indian firms are investing millions of rupees on celebrity advertising (Khatri, 2006). Celebrity endorsements are also an easy option for Indian marketers because of the disparities of the Indian consumer base in terms of religion, ethinicity, value system and most importantly economic variations. Therefore, advertisers in India emphasis a lot on brand recall and customer persuasion for differentiating their ad campaigns from those of the counterparts. It is here that celebrity endorsement provides a tremendous boost (Surana, 2008). For instance, one of the strongest celebrity endorser is cricketer Sachin Tendulkar who is a youth icon and endorses many successful brands like, Pepsi, Boost, Aviva Life Insurance, TVS, Britannia Biscuits, Visa, Airtel etc. Like, Shahrukh Khan, Amitabh Bac hchan, Kareena Kapoor also have many brands in their kitties. Indians love their celebrities and blindly follow their suit. This has proved to be a boon for the marketers and celebrity endorsement is just getting better by the day. It has now become an indispensible part of the marketing communication strategy. It is a win ?win situation for both the celebrities and the brands. However, the consumers are ones who are least benefitted as they end up paying more for the products and services. References: †¢ Khatri, P., 2006. Celebrity Endorsement: A Strategic Promotion Perspective. Indian Media Studies Journal, 1(1).Pp. 25-37 †¢ Suhalka,G.n.d. Celebrity Endorsers and Endorsements in India- The Rise and the Impact [pdf] Available at: http://www.ndtvmi.com/b4/dopesheets/garima.pdf [Accessed 18 February 2012] †¢ Surana,R., 2008. The Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsement in India [pdf] Available at: http://edissertations.nottingham.ac.uk/2069/1/08MAlixrs13.pdf [Accessed 18 February 2012] Commentary | Theses | Dissertations | Journals Articles | Proposals Synopsis | Essays | Promotional Writing | Press Release Copyright  © 2005 2012 Project Guru India. All rights reserved. www.ProjectGuru.in

Sociological Concepts of Stigma and Health Impacts

Sociological Concepts of Stigma and Health Impacts This essay is going to discuss the sociological idea of stigma and its effect on an individual, furthermore this essay will also define other concepts in relation to stigma such as the ‘Hidden Distress Model’. We will also discuss examples of this health illness in order to demonstrate the impact of stigmatization and their ‘Coping Strategies’. Moreover this essay will study how different individuals within society react to people with mental disabilities and other health illness for instance HIV and AIDS and how some individual in society find stigma more fearful than the condition they have been diagnosed in, for example a person who has been in a socially stigmatizing condition may feel discriminated and isolation and pain due to their illness. To address the issue of stigmatization, firstly it’s important to clarify whether or not there is a link between social integration and health. A study carried out by Berkman and Syme (1979) states the extent of individual’s integration within society has a significant effect on their health. In their research they identified two forms of ‘network scores’. They established that those with ‘low network scores’ had a higher mortality rate compared to those that had high ‘network scores’ (Nettleton 2006). Stigma refers to a negatively well-defined condition, attribute, trait or behaviour conferring a deviant status which is socially, culturally or historically not the same. (Gabe et al, 2004). The word stigma was defined by the Greeks, they used the term to refer to the bodily signs a person had this could be cuts or burns. They intended the term to those whom they believed to be socially outsiders such as slaves or criminals, mainly those who were unhygienic or diseased would be avoided by people. (Gabe et al, 2004) Goffman (1963) refers stigma as the difference between the virtual social identity, which is the stereotyped made in everyday life and the real social identity and stigma is the relationship between characteristics and stereotype. This two concepts – ‘Virtual Social Identity’ which is the stereotypes attributes we think we attain and ‘Actual Social Identity’ relates to the attributes an individual actually has. We will pay particular attention to Actual Social Identity, this concept is when a person actually possess the signs of a stigma. Goffman says that ‘stigma is a special kind of relationship between attribute and stereotype’, and therefore people get stigmatized for the reason that their illness is obvious, for instance if a patient is deaf, blind or unable to walk therefore in a wheelchair or uses a hearing aid, in society they are seen as being abnormal because they don’t have the abilities of a normal person and for that reason they are socially undesirable or inferior also Goffman (1963) states ‘people with such ‘abnormalities’ are said to be stigmatized’ (Armstrong, 2003, p.42) . Although some illnesses can be obvious others can be relatively concealed, however they can still feel and ‘experience ‘felt stigma’ because they still see’ themselves to be inferior and they feel they are hiding a discreditable part of their personality from the outside world’ (Scamber and Hopkins, 1986, cited in Armstrong, 2003, p.42). In todays society the term stigma is used to refer to an individual who is culturally unacceptable with any condition, characteristic or behaviour (Gabe et al, 2004). According to Goffman (1968) his ideas added felt and enacted stigma, the former is the feeling that we are being discriminated against and the latter is actually being stigmatised through discrimination. Goffman recognised three types of stigma that he explained as: Stigma of the body, which relates to blemishes or physical deformities; Stigma of character which relates to the mentally ill or criminals, and finally Stigma associated with social factors which can be either racial or tribal throughout different cultures. Goffman goes on to say that his types of stigma can vary differently between social, cultural or historical environments (Goffman 1963, cited in Gabe et al., 2004, p.69). While Goffman mentioned three types of stigma, Scambler mentioned two types of stigma. He combined his ideas in what he calls the ‘Hidden Distress Model’ which had been developed to explain the way in which an individual overcomes felt stigma in order to prevent experiences that play part of stigma. This, Scambler described it to be carried out by ‘Non-Disclosure’ which focuses attention on the fact that individuals would want to keep their condition from others in a hope to hide any information about their health condition and only will ever reveal their condition if it is necessary to do so. (Scambler, 2008). The approach of the ‘Hidden Distress Model’ explains the reasons of the concealment of a condition, it is that because of the fear of associated stigma, moreover felt stigma is very easily seen so that one can avoid the occurrence of enacted stigma. Experiencing strong felt stigma could lead to higher stress which then leads to putting the patient harder circumstances in order to control their illness, which later on makes their illness worse over time due to the energy released through the concealment of their condition. Moreover in relation to this Scambler (2008) states â€Å"Paradoxically, felt stigma is more disruptive of people’s lives and well-being than enacted stigma † he also says that felt stigma tends to increase the anxiety levels of an individual more so that enacted stigma. To apply these concepts in real life circumstances, we will present how the avoidance of enacted stigma through felt stigma can worsen risks of various health issues ultimately deteriorating their health condition. Research study carried out on HIV and AIDS, has shown that people with such stigma are only known to their doctors and many chose not to kept it a secret and to disclose this information because of the way society thinks of AIDS and HIV. Patient might decide to avoid routine checks or treatment in the hope that they will not experience enacted stigma from others, for instance when they are entering or exiting the sexual health clinic or attending local HIV screening tests because of the stigmatising assumptions that are related to HIV /AIDS such as being gay or heavy drug user (Lubkin and Larson, 2012). Additional example can be seen with women who is avoiding screening for the sexually transmitted disease called HIV and AIDS for the fear of other people acting unreasonabl y towards them because they feel that they will be judged against behaviour associated with a lot of sexual partners. (Lubkin and Larson, 2012). And because this is associated with the person fearful of being treated different or labelled. People may not always seek medical help for their stigma conditions because of their fears of being faced with enacted stigma, however Zola (1973 has looked in to the timing of when individuals may decide to seek medical help, and in he discovered that majority of the people wait and put up with their symptoms for a while before they actually choose to seek medical assistance. Research study carried out on HIV and AIDS, has shown that people with such stigma are only known to their doctors and many chose not to kept it a secret and to disclose this information because of the way society thinks of AIDS and HIV. As mentioned above avoidance of sexual health screening can lead to worsening health problems, a person with the health illnesses mentioned above could have life threatening diseases for the individual if he or she continue to express the ideas of the hidden distress model. There are many studies that prove that is stigma is based on social concept. This study suggests that stigma is more about social concept rather than a characteristic of an individual. Parker and Aggleton (2003) ‘point out, processes of stigmatization remain part and parcel of processes of power, domination and discrimination; what becomes stigmatized is bound up with usual norms and values. Therefore it is socialized, not an individual, concepts (Nettleton, 2006, p.96). Therefore this study says felt stigma is more powerful than any accrual episodes of enacted stigma and for that reason it makes people more stigmatized. Moving on to the concept of ‘Coping Strategies’ has been formed to explain the ways in which an individual copes with the effects of an illness. The term ‘coping’ refers to the â€Å"Cognitive processes whereby an individual learns to tolerate illness† and strategy relates to the actions people take in the face of illness (Bury 1991 cited in Nettleton 2006). The term coping is used to maintain the feeling of self-worth and a sense of belief during an illness (Gerhardt 1989 cited in Bury 1991). The thought of normalisation can be used in ‘coping’ with an illness; this can be expressed in two with in the ‘Coping Strategies’. The first is to supress any negativity related to the illness so that the person can maintain their own personal identity which they held prior to their diagnosis; the second is to look at normalisation in terms of treatment where the treatment routine should not be remote place so that the individual can integrate with other people and not be isolated (Kellecher 1988, cited in Bury 1991). Bury (1991) This further explains that it is the values of the individual that can determine how others respond to them in regards to their illness. The model of ‘strategy’ is the actions that are taken in order to ‘maximise favourable outcomes’. (Bury, 1991). Moreover how a person responds to health illness experience regarding their condition does determine the extent to which they perform their strategies, the more negative experience they have can develop greater awareness in their everyday lives so as to escape or reduce the experience of enacted stigma. The controlling of illness through the use of strategies can differ from the influence of social settings to the forms that are developed in order to deter any focus to the condition as well as achieving set goals so that they can maintain their own sense of value and their belief of what their everyday life requires. Goffman (1963) states that the way in which an individual copes with a stigmatising condition differs depending on the actual type of condition, he has specified two terms in relation to this – ‘discredited’ and ‘discreditable’; the first one is regarding an individual whose condition is widely known and the second refers to those whose condition is concealed. It’s described that those who have a discredited condition will find it harder to manage their stigma. There are three different ways in which an individual can cope their own stigmatising condition the first is ‘Passing’ this is where one would try to fit in to the society as ‘normal’ usually the stigmatised individuals would constantly try to conceal their condition because they do not want anyone else to know if their illness; and for those with felt stigma are more likely to choose the passing approach for instance an individual with hard of hearing condition may decide to not use the hearing aid so that they can ‘fit in’ more with the society (Lubkin and Larson, 2012; Armstrong, 2003). The second one is ‘Covering’ this refers to an individual with a discrediting attribute where they will try their utmost to conceal the significance of their stigmatising condition. (Goffman, 1963; Armstrong, 2003), in this situation the individual would try and take off the focus from his or her condition in order to avoid the experience of enacted stigma, the process could be amusing towards the situation which would reassure a less tense atmosphere making it to be more easy to manage (Lubkin and Larson, 2012). Stigma is the result of a reaction expressed through the society that ultimately spoils identity of unacceptable norms that affect the stigmatised individual in a negative way. (Gabe et al, 2004). Nettleton (2006) states â€Å"Stigma is not an attribute of individuals, but is rather a thoroughly social concept which is generated, sustained and reproduced in the context of social inequalities.† Some people are stigmatised because the part of the individual that is different is considered to be self-inflicted and in the ‘normal’ people’s eyes they are less worthy of help (Lubkin and Larson, 2012) Parsons (1951) describes illness as a deviance form the norm and he also perceives illness as capable of cracking the social structure as the sick are unable to accomplish their social role within society. It can be expected that when an individual is sick they respond on the reaction of others, while society responds depending on the nature of the illness. (Lemert, 1967) suggests that there is three stages of deviance and he identifies these as primary deviance, which is related to an actual defined of a state or behaviour, and he claims that inside the law an action that was seen to be normal can become illegal or deviant, moreover secondary deviance refers to ‘the changes in behaviour that occur as a consequence of labelling’, for instance the stress of being discriminated and stereotyped can make an individual’s behaviour change over time. And the last stage is Tertiary deviance, which is the stigmatised individual’s reaction to the stigma from others l eads to master status, for example categorising and stereotyping dominate individuals behaviours. Scambler (2008) mentions that social factors is a major factor, which has impact people’s behaviour when they faced with what they recognize and recognise to be danger to their health and well-being. Freidson (1970) draws ‘societal reaction’ (Nettleton, 2006, p.73) furthermore he argues that there is three types of legitimacy. The first legitimacy is the ‘cases where it is achievable for a person to recover from illness, so they can get treatment for their condition, in addition their access to the sick role is conditional, the second is the incurable condition and their access to the sick role must be unconditionally, due to the fact that person might not get well and the last one is the illness being stigmatized by others and access to the sick role is to be treated as illegitimate (Nettleton, 2006, p.73). According to Reidpath (2005) ‘ the fear of being stigmatized and subjected to discrimination many case some people to avoid or delay seeking medical help’ and this is because of fear, that people with stigmatized conditions feel socially isolated and often rejected moreover they are alienated in the society. For several stigmatized individuals, in order to to feel normal or socially accepted in the society they might join a talk group to form their own communities in order to meet people with similar issues (Armstrong, 2003). Many stigmatized people use copying mechanism in order to cope with their conditions and according to Goffman (1963) ‘a person with a stigmatizing condition could pursue several copying strategies that were largely based on the salience of the stigma he or her carried. Scamber and Hopkins (1986), cited in Scamber, 2008, p.210, they described individuals ‘fearing discrimination, tend to conceal their epilepsy each time possible Certain ways they appear as normal included covering up their illness, a person with discrediting behaviour has no opportunity to go about it as normal but can still try to reduce the signs of his or her stigma and alternative way of passing as normal is managing expectations. This will l will lead the person to withdrawing from society and their social life, in order to avoid embarrassment and shame. An example people with conditions such as epilepsy, or HIV/Aids are able to hide away their condition when out in community, from partners, family and friends but they still do end up feel some kind of felt stigma due to them hiding some parts of their characters, nevertheless the individual way of avoiding social response to their illness and this is an case of passing as normal, concealing and managing expectations. Peop le with stigma also get labelled unpleasant names such as handicap because they are being judged on their appearance and the abnormality they lack. Conclusion To conclude this essay, we agree with the idea of that felt stigma being more powerful than enacted stigma because individuals are more fearful of being stigmatized then the actually illness itself. This statement showed to be true by research studies that have been carried out this these areas. In this essay we have seen that before individuals are diagnosed with illness they prefer to hide from their illness and ignore their symptoms and refuse to seek medical attention they require also individuals develop fear of their community and the society because of their health condition, likewise they fear their family, friends look and treating them differently. We have also looked into in to some research on stigma, we recognise why people are more fearful about the health condition than the illness because in society we tend to judge and isolate individuals on how they appear to look, before we even personally know them, for instance people in a with wheelchair we label them disabled. As Scrambler and Hopkins 1989, says that people with stigmatized illnesses are essentially outcasts and this is because they are socially rejected from society, due to their signs or symptoms and we see them as inferior. Nettleton (2006) suggests that illness reminds us that the normal functioning of our minds and is important to social action and relations with others, and this an significant fact and part of the reason proves why people are more fearful about their condition because they believe that people will be looking at them differently, judging and discriminating against them before it even happens. In addition to that we think people with serious he alth condition sexually transmitted diseases for instance HIV and AIDS should not tell their condition to others, for their own protection because some people have strong views and opinion on these conditions and these condition are associated with having many sexual partners and unhygienic. Scheff (1966) suggests that mental illness is a product of society’s opinions and reaction to the individual’s illness, we do believe that society’s has developed ways of just labelling people with all sort of illnesses especially people who are mentally ill and they are labelled as crazy and therefore they are treated different to others and stigmatized. References Armstrong, D. (2003) Outline of Sociology as Applied to Medicine 5thed. London: Arnold Publishers Berkman, L. Syme, S. (1979) Social Networks, host resistance and mortality: a nine year follow up of Alameda County Residents. American Journal of Epidemiology 109 (2) pp. 186-204 Calnan, M. (1987) Health and illness. London: Tavistock Bury, M. (2005) Health and illness. Cambridge : Polity Press Bury, M, R. (1991) The Sociology of Chronic Illness: A Review of Research and Prospects’, Sociology of Health and Illness 13 (4) pp. 451-468 Gabe, J. Bury, M. Elston, A, M. (2004) Stigma, Key Concepts in Medical Sociology. London: Sage Publications pp. 68-69 Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon Schuster Lubkin, M, I. Larson, D, P. (2012) Chronic Illness: Impact and Intervention Eighth Edition. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Learning. Nettleton, S. (2006) The Sociology of Health and Illness. Cambridge: Polity Press. Scambler, G. (2008) Sociology as Applied to Medicine (eds.). Elsevier Limited.

Comparing Story Openings of Bleak House by Charles Dickens to The Outsi

At the opening of the story 'The Outsider', the writer Albert Camus places time in the wrong order. This creates the impression that we are seeing into the character's thoughts rather than a story being told to us. It works very effectively as the paragraphs are spontaneous and not in any form of order, thus creating a mental picture in our heads of one or two day?s worth of events, as if we were remembering them ourselves. This, however, does not apply to Bleak house. Dickens does not use any form of time, but instead decides to describe what is happening and makes the days, time, week or month irrelevant. It could be any day, but Dickens does not want time to be the focal point of his story. This is effective because our interest is drawn to the descriptions and happenings of the city. Surprisingly, both story start with short, improperly composed sentences, most of the time with little or no verbs. This works differently for each story. In ?The Outsider?, the short, blunt sentences arouse interest that forces you to continue reading, this is because the ?thoughts? of the character are rather cold and blunt about a situation that should be upsetting, for example ?Mother died today. Or, maybe, yesterday?, as the opening paragraph. The punctuation break up the sentence into emphasized words. Camus directs us to feel slightly disturbed by his descriptions of the events taken place and puts us in the position of psychologist, eager to hear what comes next, but wary of it also. In ?Bleak House? the short, improper sentences create a very descriptive picture of a cold, dark city, the blunt words mimicking the blunt feelings and people in the city. This is very effective as he uses the same words over again to emphasize the poin... ...he Chancellor and Chancery both being the cause and the centre of the fog, paralleling the weather with the situation. Fog is not a good thing in the court of Chancery and the narrator describes the Chancery as having a dark and unclear vision. They are not good at their jobs and the narrator calls the old Chancellor as being ?leaden-headed? or ?stupid? to emphasizing his views on that particular character. Both story openings, although composed differently, draw the reader in. Both author?s, Albert Camus and Charles Dickens, use a variety of techniques, which are all very effective when the author uses them to his will. Either way we get a clear and pointed view of the spot-lit aspects that the author wants us to focus on, and maybe sometime miss the subtle, important information between the lines that are not the centre of attention at that moment in the story.

to become a member :: essays research papers

this is it I love you and am sending you a letter tomorrow.I want you to know I am sorry.Please, listen I will give you my address but DO NOT write b/c of parents. I will also give you my # but I will call you.I am sorry.Thank you though for believing in me and trusting me.Your an angel. I am not completely over last nights disagreement and don't want to cause any problems over it. I know what I put you through last night and I understand where you are coming from on the issue but I don't think you know or understand where I stand and what I percieve. I have been in your position several times and know how angry you get and how frusterating it is. But before I always thought like you did, until I got into the opposite position and trust me, it is miserable. Either way I go about it, I am still wrong. It is a long and complicated thing to get over because I can't express my feelings and I can't hold them back either. It will drive me insane if I do and if I don't. What will become of it, i don't know, but I won't stop loving you regardless. I do believe in fate and have for a long time, and whatever you have been thinking about I would like to hear it. I won't mention the arguement again and hopefully I will get over it and we can move on. I have a hair apointment at 11:00 and my wax apointment at 1:00 but hopefully I will be able to send you one more email before tonight. I love you dave honestly but at the moment I am feeling really down and discouraged. Please don'ttake my comments wrong and try to understand. I am sorry and I did overreact but I know you think I appologized for my thoughts and perceptions and that I didn't do. I love you too. I justwant to drop the whole arguement and deal with it by myself. I can work through it and then we can be back to normal. I am really scared of losing you too. But I don't know what to do, or how to do it, and especially not how to cope alone. I will work it out for you, for us, though. I love you and don't forget that.

General Education Essay -- essays research papers fc

With living costs as high as they are in this day and age, it is completely unreasonable to expect the average individual to squander already limited resources. Receiving a bachelor’s degree today requires an assortment of classes that often are not directly related to one’s career objectives. For some, they find this to be an enjoyable adventure, broadening their knowledge and learning about new aspects of life, but for others this is just burdensome. However it is looked upon, the college curriculum still requires a diverse selection of courses to develop well rounded, responsible individuals, but in turn creates added pressure upon students. Is it the job of secondary education to start developing all inclusive students who have been familiarized with a broad range of subjects? Is it fair that some children are able to afford private education and expensive tutoring with a one on one basis? The government needs to step in on this matter because the children who are growing up now are going to be this countries future. The rich are always going to be well educated because they can afford it. There needs to be government programs that provide free tutoring and counseling for the underprivileged. But the way things are going this will never happen because education is almost always one of the first things to be cut. One of the greatest sacrifices of college is the money required to attend. The Education Statistics Quarterly says: One of the biggest concerns for many families is how they are going to pay their children's college expenses. In academic year 2002–03, the average total price for full-time undergraduates to attend 4-year institutions—including tuition, fees, room, board, books, supplies, and other education expenses, as estimated by the institutions—was more than $12,800 at public institutions and almost $28,000 at private institutions (College Board 2003a). Over the past decade, inflation-adjusted tuition prices at public and private 4-year colleges and universities jumped nearly 40 percent, while the median income of families with a head of household 45 to 54 years old (those families most likely to have traditional college-age children) rose only 8 percent (College Board 2003b). Such price increases have made it much more difficult for families from nearly all income levels to pay for college. Researchers have, for many years, wondered how... ...eir general education courses. This mentality is not healthy. Not only are general education classes required, they are necessary for the development of well rounded citizens. It may cost a little more but what is a pretty penny compared to ones future. These courses are also valuable because it allows students to sample other aspects of life that they may find more interesting than his/her initial major. General education is quite valuable for the development of a fully literate society. For the development of cultured, interesting individuals, general education must be viewed as a necessity. Works Cited Kirsziner Laurie G. and Mandell Stephen R. Patterns for College Writing, Bedford/St. Martin’s Boston, New York Kozol Jonathan. â€Å"The Cost of an Illiterate Society.† From Illiterate America by Jonathan Kozol. Copyright 1985 by Jonathan Kozol Zinsser William. â€Å"College Pressures.† From Blair and Ketchum’s County Journal, Vol VI, No. 4, April 1979. Copyright 1979 by William K. Zinsser. National Center for Education Statistics http://nces.ed.gov/programs/quarterly/vol_5/5_2/q2_4.asp 1990 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA, Phone: (202) 502-7300

How did Khrushchev and Brezhnev respond to rebellions

How did Khrushchev and Brezhnev respond to rebellions in some of the communist satellite states?   Give specific examples of countries that rebelled, why they rebelled and an analysis of the responses by Khrushchev and Brezhnev to the rebellions:   Khrushchev’s decision for de-Stalinization movements had repercussions in the Communist countries of Eastern Europe.   Poland revolted against its government in October 1956.   Hungary followed shortly afterward.   Faced with open revolution, Khrushchev flew to Warsaw on October 19 with Soviet leaders and ultimately acquiesced in the Polish leader Wladyshaw Gomulka’s national Communist solution, which allowed the Poles a great deal of freedom.Khrushchev’s shared decisions to crush the Hungarian Revolution by force came largely because of the Hungarian premier’s decision to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact.   With this one exception Khrushchev allowed a considerable amount of freedom to the European Comm unist parties and this stress in Eastern Europe it helped to crystallized opposition to Khrushchev within the Soviet Party.   His stand on reforms in economics and politics in the Soviet Union caused many enemies and party officials ended up removing him for power and replacing him with Brezhnev who opened the doors to the West for the soviet people and this was especially influential to the younger citizens of the population.   Khrushchev widely asserted his doctrine of peaceful coexistence which he had first spoke of in a speech at the 20th Party Congress.When Brezhnev came into power he left many affairs to other officials in the party, such as diplomatic relations with non-Communist states and internal economic development.   Brezhnev concentrated on foreign and military affairs and undertook measures to curtail ideological dissidence within the Soviet Union.   He traveled extensively to foreign countries between 1961 and 1964.   He made visits to all the European Comm unist countries, except Albania to improve solidarity within the Communist block.But when Czechoslovakia attempted to liberalize its Communist system of government and party control, Brezhnev developed the concept, known as the Brezhnev Doctrine that justified the invasion of Czechoslovakia by its Warsaw Pact partners.   During the 70’s Brezhnev attempted to ease tensions with the West, especially the U.S. in a new policy of coexistence.   It was during this time that under Brezhnev’s rule Soviet military power was significantly increased and modernized, and the Soviet Union pursued a policy of supporting â€Å"wars of national liberation† in developing countries.   In domestic policy he was preoccupied with neutralizing internal dissent and seeking to improve the performance of the Soviet economy particularly in agriculture and consumer goods, with little or no success.Works Cited:Treadgold, Donald W. and Herbert J. Ellison.   Twentieth Century Russia.à ‚   Bolder,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Colorado: Westview Press, 2000.

Make-Up Art Cosmetics

Abstract M. A. C cosmetics started as a small business and has grown into a multimillion dollar organization. They are innovative and organized and promote customer service. There products are of the best in the industry and are reasonably priced. You can find M. A. C all over the world and being marketed by tons of well known celebrities. They focus on working together as teams and promote employees to think outside the box. Not only is the organization extremely successful but it is incredibly generous. Since 4000 BC the demonstrations of cosmetics was produced by the Egyptians.Cooper minerals, perfumed oils, cream made of sheep fat, lead and soot were used as face make-up to bestow beauty and style. In 1984 Make-up Art Cosmetics, better known as M. A. C was founded in Toronto, Canada by Frank Toskan and Frank Angelo. Toskan was a former make-up artist and photographer and Angelo a former hair salon owner. Both men saw the need for cosmetics that held up under high powered lights f ound in a photo shoot or runway show. Toskan and Angelo’s test market was in the basement at the Toronto department store Simpson’s. M. A.C was a hit, with its slick modern packaging and its hip and unique names. Once celebrities and fashion moguls started to use M. A. C its popularity exploded worldwide. M. A. C has become the leading brand of professional cosmetics. Majority interest acquired in 1994 by The Estee Lauder Companies Inc a $6. 3 billion dollar cosmetic tycoon. Sold in over 60 countries and territories M. A. C is a multimillion dollar bricks and clicks organization. M. A. C’s product categories include lip, eye, face, nail, skincare, brushes, tools/accessories, and fragrances. M.A. C products are used in films, television, theatre, music, fashion, special events and award shows. M. A. C’s philosophy is all races, all sexes, and all ages. M. A. C also has the website www. macpro. com designed only for cosmetic professional. They can learn new tips and get discounts on products. PRODUCT: M. A. C eyes product line consist of several different products from primer, shadow, mascara, liner, brow and lash. Its shadows play apart in all of M. A. C’s different collections and come in over 100 colors with creative names and different textures.Made in Canada by M. A. C chemist and manufactured by The Estee Lauder Companies Inc. Their shadows are highly pigmented applies evenly and blends well. Any product in the Viva Glam collection like the Warm Chill eye shadow, proceeds go directly to the M. A. C Aids foundation. Unlike other cosmetic companies M. A. C only hires skilled make-up artist to represent their products. M. A. C is one of the only companies that when you purchase their products a skilled make-up artist will show you exactly how to use the products by demonstration. M. A.C holds make-up seminars for their customers and conducts runway shows. Single powdered shadows are packaged in a round black container with a clear top in order to see the color and the bottom has the colors name. Combination shadow sets normally are in a rectangular shape. The majority of the time black, compact, and a sleek design are consistent with all M. A. C product packaging regardless of the product. Make-up Art Cosmetics trademark is M. A. C and is printed on all of their products and storefronts. To the left is an image of a wall in a Make-up Art Cosmetics store.PRICES: Compared to its popular competitors like Lancome $16. 50 US per shadow, Nars at $22. 00 US per shadow, Vincent Longo at $24. 00 US per single shadow, M. A. C’s eye shadows is only $14. 00 US below the market price for a single eye color shadow and even less expensive at $32. 50-$36. 00 US for color combination sets. M. A. C’s shadow prices don’t come with sticker shock and should attract any class of people. They don’t shout â€Å"I’m high end and only the rich can afford me†. The prices are affordable a nd they don’t fluctuate.The shadows are one fixed price and although they do not go on sale or clearance they are still a bargain for professional style products for consumers. PLACE: Before M. A. C consumers as I can get M. A. C product a channel of distribution must take place. M. A. C’s channel consists of a manufacturer The Estee Lauder Companies Inc – a billion dollar corporation, to several different wholesalers such as Florence’s Enterprises and Sage Within, masses of different retailers. Some retailers of M. A. C cosmetics are the M. A. C. Stores, Nordstrom’s, Bloomingdales, and Macys to name a few.M. A. C is sold in over 60 countries and territories to date. M. A. C can also be purchased on its website at www. maccosmetics. com. The consumer has the option to purchase M. A. C at their favorite department store or online within the comfort of their home. Marketing intermediaries are critical in this billion dollar industry of beauty and M. A. C cosmetics with its popular status is no different, M. A. C is too â€Å"big time† not to have marketing intermediaries in place. M. A. C cosmetics can be found in almost every US mall, whether it is in a popular department store or a M.A. C exclusive store providing place utility. PROMOTION: M. A. C stays innovative, very artsy, fashion forward and their advisements are always very colorful demanding attention when walking by a poster or flipping thru the pages of a fashion magazine. Their advertisements are never restrained always dramatic and in your face. M. A. C has a number of collections and one of them is their Viva Glam collection and celebrities are always used for this collections advising. Such celebrities as Pamela Anderson, Fergie, Eve, and Dita Von Tesse can be seen in Viva Glam advertisements.Expressing to consumers that if it’s good enough for this celebrity then it is good enough for you also creating brand association. All of the collections proc eeds go to the M. A. C Aids fund. M. A. C even collaborated with Disney in 2005 when M. A. C. Cosmetics introduced the Tint Toons collection based on classic Disney animals like Daisy Duck. (HOWARD, H 2010). As noted earlier M. A. C is a bricks and clicks organization. On their website www. maccosmetics. com standard shipping is free in the US with any $60 purchase and free standard shipping on and summer selects purchases until July 8th in the US only.M. A. C also mails brochures to existing customers advertising their newest collections. I just received a little pamphlet promoting their new Neo SCI-FI collection. Eye shadows remain the same price at $14. 00 US but come in a neon orange container versus the usual black. With spunky names like Time & Space, Magnetic Fields, and Expensive pink. You will not see M. A. C advertising in a commercial or infomercial but you will see global advertising as they are located all over the world. M. A. C does however partner with the department store Nordstrom’s and take part in their annual in house fashion shows.After the show guest can sign up with M. A. C to have a M. A. C artist do their make-up for free. During this time an artist will makeup your face encouraging you to purchase M. A. C products. I can contest it works every time! SRTATEGIC DECISION MAKING: M. A. C’s organization has utilizes the marketing mix in a victorious way creating a Multi million dollar organization that is well-known worldwide. Their shadows come in almost every color imaginable and some with names like Shadowy Lady, Nocturnelle and Poison Pen. M. A.C’s products are priced below market when compared to its competitors for professional style goods. Like most other big chain cosmetic companies M. A. C’s channel of distribution uses intermediaries and tons of retailers. M. A. C has some excellent promotional programs in place, bringing in empty containers in exchange for a free lipstick, free shipping on online pur chases, using very artistic style advertisements. Hiring only professional artist and having them sell the product is genius, who better to explain a product and show you how to use it then a professional instead of a regular employee off of the street.Donating proceeds to their AIDS fund and using trendy celebrities to promote collections. I wouldn’t change a thing, I think what M. A. C is doing works and I wouldn’t try to fix something that isn’t broken. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: M. A. C practices its social responsibility through the M. A. C Aids fund founded in 1994 by Toskan and the Back to M. A. C Program. M. A. C Aids fund supports men, women and children all over the world. The proceeds earned by M. A. C when it sells a Viva Glam lipstick are given to their AIDS fund, every cent. The company had many $128 million up to date for this AIDS find.The companies 11 board members are responsible for keeping what Toskan started in 1994 the success it is today. The Back to M. A. C Program is M. A. C’s way on helping the environment. For every seven empty M. A. C containers you return to a M. A. C store you will receive one free lipstick of your choice excluding the Viva Glam collection. ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN: Posted in all of Estee Lauder offices are the following principles: †¢Strive for excellence – deliver your best. †¢Put your customer first. Know your customers, understand their needs and surpass their expectations. Be passionate about what you do! Enthusiasm and energy are contagious. †¢Never stop caring. Show concern and respect for every individual, regardless of position or title. †¢Understand your role in the big picture. We’re all part of a larger whole. †¢Look for new and better ways to do things to continually raise our standards. †¢Communicate! Voice your ideas, share your concerns, pass on what you know and be honest. †¢Be a team player. We’re stronger when we work t ogether. †¢Listen when others speak. Good ideas can come from anywhere. †¢Be flexible.Success depends upon willingness to adapt when situations change. †¢Pay attention to details – little things do make a difference. †¢Solve the real problem, don’t treat the symptom. †¢Spread the good news. Let others know when they’ve done a good job. †¢Smile†¦. and have fun! (elcompanies,2010) These are characteristics of a learning organization. Creating a sense of community in their organizational culture, caring and strong mutual relationships. Utilizing teams and empowerment in their organizational design. Promoting information sharing and leadership. Robbins & Decenzo, 2008). CEO: As of July 2006 Mr. John Demsey oversees Estee Lauder, M†¢A†¢C, Tom Ford Beauty and Prescriptives brands as well the company’s Specialty Group of brands, Bobbi Brown, Jo Malone and La Mer, which were added to his portfolio in July 2009. (elcomp anies, 2010). But from 1998-2005 when Demsey was M. A. C’s president he expanded the company from 19 global markets to over 65 and is credited for making M. A. C into the billion dollar powerhouse it is today. Demsey has held several positions with the Estee Lauder corporation working his way up the ranks.In a nutshell, I wonder in founders Frank Toskan and Frank Angelo could have ever imagined that M. A. C would turn out to be such a huge empire. M. A. C has come a long way from selling in a departments store basement to selling all over the world in the companies own brand stores and in a multitude of popular retailers. M. A. C stays innovative, creative and all the rage. Their eye shadows are far form boring with a broad range of colors with great pigment and longevity in sleek round compact design packaging. M. A. C is reasonably priced for the average fashionista to afford.

Wall Street Crash

The businessman and two university students talked about their political point of view. Moreover, the boy looked at the businessman, stared at him, without once blinking his eyes or shifting his stare. The businessman knew about that so he struck up a conversation with the young boy and asked him that who he traveled with. The boy answered that his father was along and led them the way to find his father.Therefore, he minted at a long box and said there was his father who was shot in Detroit. The businessman promised that he would fix that immediately. That is a reason why one of the students laughed and asked about the millions of America lost their jobs and many also lost all their savings. In the story, the businessman who had a social position met the young boy whose father was shot in Detroit. The crisis of this story is the boy stared the businessman without once blinking eyes or shifting stare. Moreover, the boy led the way to find his father and pointed at a long box where hi s father was there and told he reason why his father died.The conflict is showed about the differences between rich and poor or knowledge between people who are on the outside and people who are on the inside. In addition, the businessman promised that he would fix the mistake – just for the boy, it is the story's central conflict resolved. With regard to me, I think as one on the students in this story that this resolution of the businessman is not satisfying and logical. Because this mistake do not make only the boy and his father were borne, the million people bore it too. With the foreshadowing, the look of boy for the businessman was a staring.It was just like a curious look; but it was also a vague look. The author arranges the causal connections between events are clear and logical because in the beginning of story, the † I † character got on the train and he met the order characters then they had had a conversation before they found the boys father. In thi s story, the boy and the businessman are the story protagonist because they are two characters who have connection with the other characters and become the factors to resolve any vents or situations. The AD character is the boy and the businessman.The AD character is two university students and the † I † character because the boy and the businessman were showed their character clearly by the author. For instances, the boy showed eagerness, curiousness and his thinking apparently, when the businessman and two students had a conversation or when the businessman asked him where his father was and his thinking about the massacre at Detroit. With the businessman, he presented his angry and abrupt feeling or an expression of satisfaction on his face when one of dents had a wrong or right answer for his questions.Moreover, the businessman showed a sharp gasping feeling when the boy pointed his father's place. With two university students and the † † character, they are the antagonists so the author do not present carefully their actions and feeling on each event. Like the † I † character, we cannot see the character's speech all through the story. In addition, two university students showed their felling when they felt angry with the businessman's answer for their wonder – riots and disturbances. With regard to the story setting, it was written in early sass.This story describes an episode that takes place on a train going away from Detroit to come New York. At this time, in any trains, they were the major means of travel for both rich and poor people of the united States. Moreover, â€Å"On the outside† shows the reader to see the effect of recovering economically from the stock market crash of 1 929 through ten years. It made millions of American lost their jobs and many also lost their savings, become poor and did not have anything. In the story, the author uses metaphor for he depraved economic to make poor people do not have the justice at this time.In addition, the simile was used to compare the thinking about riots and disturbances between rich people and poor people. The author also used the synecdoche to talk about rich people and poor people at this time and the character of synecdoche is the businessman- rich people, the boy and his father – poor people. The style and language of this story are informal because the author uses the short sentences for all answers and † Bosh † is an impolite word which the businessman said with student when they gave a rang meaning about riots and disturbances.In † On the outside the † I † character is the author. The fur coat was worn by the businessman and made him sunk deep in it which is a key factor. Therefore, we can easily see that a fur coat showed for us to know and imagine about the rich of businessman. In this story, the author used the first narrator. Finally, the story was named after† On the outsi de † because the author wanted to imply that people who are not in one or some troubles do not know and understand about the internal problems and meaning of these problems.

Cultural Anthropology

Culture is a well organized unity divided into two fundamental aspects – a body of artifacts and a system of customs – Mammalians. â€Å"Humans cannot eat, breathe, defecate, mate, reproduce, sit, move about, sleep or Ill down without following or expressing some aspect of their society culture. Our cultures grow, expand, and evolve. It is their nature. † – Marvin Harris. The culture of a people is an ensemble of texts, themselves ensembles, which the anthropologist strains to read over the shoulders of those to whom they properly belong. † Geezer, Balinese Cockfight (p. 2). â€Å"Man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun. I take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of law but an interpretative one in search of meaning. † Greet, Interpretation of Cultures (p. 5). â€Å"People do not realize how greatly culture Influences their behavior until they co me across other ways of doing things. † â€Å"Culture is learned behavior. † A person is not born with a culture. Culture is universal. Every human being possesses it by virtue of their biological state. Cultural Anthropology) Is Inherently pluralistic, seeking a framework In which the distinctive perspectives of each culture world can be appreciated. † â€Å"[Cultural practices are meaningful actions that occur routinely in everyday life, are widely shared by members of the group, and carry with them normative expectations about how things should be done† (Gooding, Miller and Sessile, 1995). â€Å"A collective name for all behavior patterns socially acquired and socially transmitted groups. † Dictionary of Sociology and Related Sciences. Culture is a civilization†¦ s that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man (sic. ) as a member of society. † – Edw ard Taylor â€Å"Culture embraces all the manifestations of social habits of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the group in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits. † -Franz Boas. Coloratura Anthropology focuses on how language, customs, and culture in general develop.Cultural Anthropologists compare and contrast the vast range of cultures with the popes of better understanding â€Å"the diversity of human behavior, and ultimately to develop a science of human behavior. † – Fried,J. Cultural Anthropology. What is traditional (or folk) culture? â€Å"Traditional culture is the habitual behaviors or thoughts of any given social group, and there is not only the chance of customary behaviors occurring; customary behaviors are expected and generally required by members of the society (Smith- Seymour, 1986).Folk culture is a model of the peasant community characterized by economic self- efficiency, intimate social ties, the strong role of ritual and tradition, and the relative isolation from urban centers. The concept of folk culture is that it represents an attempt to characterize the values and social structure of traditional, rural communities existing within complex societies. What methods do they use to study culture? Fieldwork: visiting and living among a particular people.Mapping, inventories, census, behavior protocols, questionnaires, projective tests, collecting genealogies, kinship terminologies, oral traditions, recording cases, and racing networks† (Hunter and Whiten, 1976). In order to study these cultures, ethnographers had to become part of them. Live with the people for extended periods of time. To study different groups of people, the scientists had to become immersed in their study. One important qualification that anthropologists should possess is a strong awareness of their won culture.Although it is necessary for Anthropologists to be a s culture tendencies in order to comprehend another's culture. Therefore, absolute objectivity, which would require that the Anthropologist have biases, and in research exult no culture at all, should be given up in favor of a relative objectivity based on the characteristics of one's own culture. The Anthropologist is forced to include himself and his own way of life in his subject matter.In order to study others, and to study culture in general, the Anthropologist uses his own culture. What is material culture? Culture involves much more than behavioral traits; it includes all produced artifacts – tools, art, books and texts, etc. â€Å"Probably no other country in the world has such high regard for material culture as the United States. â€Å"Cultural materialism is a type of analysis that looks at ecology and economics for explanation of cultural beliefs and practices.It tries to explain cultural habits in terms of basic needs. ‘A cultural materialist view of hist ory looks for relationships between the use of new technologies, population booms, the material improvement of life, and the collapse of civilization† (fisher, 1986). What is cultural diffusion? â€Å"The worldwide tendency of human populations to share and pool creative efforts which are in origin locally known and used. † -David Hunter. Cultural Anthropology Construct a model of cross-cultural misunderstanding, using the information presented by Lee in this article. There are many cross-cultural misunderstandings including language barriers, the way people speak and interpret words, as well as actions performed. /ontah experienced these cross-cultural misunderstandings in the remotest corners of the Kalahari Desert, while living by the Bushman. Every year the people would slaughter an ox and feast and dance in celebration during Christmas time./ontah decided to buy the biggest ox he could find; he was proud of it until the ! Kung people started ridiculing his kill by saying that it was too thin to feed all of the people. They continued to say that Christmas would be a disaster, and that they would all go to bed hungry. This troubled /ontah because he was sure that he had a fat ox, but many men assured him it was only big boned. He searched for a replacement but could not find it.On the day of Christmas, they cut into the ox, and /ontah w as saying how big and fat the ox is and how the people must be out of their minds. The ! Kung started laughing and /ontah could not understand why. He soon found out that the whole time they had been tricking him in believing that his ox was worthless, when they were actually excited to eat it on Christmas. 3. Why do you think the ! Kung ridicule and denigrate people who have been successful hunters or who have provided them with a Christmas ox?Why do Americans expect people to be grateful to receive gifts? The ! Kung like to fool each other to make sure that their people don’t become arrogant. When one man â€Å"brings home the bacon,† then he starts to believe that he is the big man of the group and will boast of his superiority. Eventually, his pride could cause him to kill other people. Therefore, the people treated /ontah the same way they would treat any other Bushman, especially because /ontah provides tobacco to the people.The Bushman had good intentions by hid ing the true meaning of their actions and words, even though it did not make sense to /ontah. It was part of their tradition, which is different from American tradition; in America, most people are taught to be grateful for any gift they receive and not to complain. For example, â€Å"you get what you get, and you don’t throw a fit† is a common saying repeated to children at school. This story shows that the reasoning behind an action may have different meanings in separate cultures.

Human Resource Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resource - Coursework Example The world has become a social platform, everyone is communicating with everyone on the ground of internet and mobile phones, the entire world is not connected at all times. Humans go out and they socialize with people on different occasions. This interaction with people then further develop into relationships, they find some to be beneficial and other to be not. During our interaction with other we find certain similarities and certain difference, and finally, we develop our relationship with those we feel comfortable. This all starts with communication at personal and professional level. At home, school, offices, social gathering and other related platforms. In our paper, we would look how the theories have been applied by us on our daily basis and how they have affected and impacted us. Theories The two theories under review are the symbolic interaction theory and social penetration theory. The two theory are the different perspective of how the societies interact with each other and how they make sense of the world around. The first of the two theories Symbolic Interaction Theory takes society as a product of the everyday social interaction of individuals. It also studies how people use symbols to create deeper meanings. The theory was formulated by Blumer in 1969 and the inspiration of the theory was further developed in 1981 by Dewey, this scientist believed that human beings are best understood if studied practically in an interactive environment (Sparknotes, 2014).

Methodology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methodology - Research Paper Example The second phase of the research will involve collection of qualitative data seeking to establish the existing barriers in the context of knowledge sharing within the university environment. The research seeks to examine communication barriers and the impact of these barriers on knowledge sharing. Qualitative methods will be utilised in collection of information regarding the impact of the barriers on the information flow. Secondary sources of information will be utilised in the collection of qualitative data. The elements being researched will be effectively understood through collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. This remains the fundamental advantage for the utilisation of mixed methods in conducting research. The utilisation of mixed methods enables researchers to gain pragmatic perspectives towards understanding the elements being researched(Creswell & Clark, 2007). Data collection within the research will be conducted through two fundamental approaches, which will enable the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. The utilisation of interviews will provide the research with a platform for communicating directly with the participants and collect essential information for the research findings. The interviews will be conducted in different locations according to the requirements of the participants. Interviews are essential in providing primary information regarding the qualitative data required within the research(Cozby & Bates, 2012). The interviews will be utilised in the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data, essential for the research. The interviews will follow a structured approach in which the researchers will utilise written questions in data collection. The researchers will also utilise questionnaires in seeking to reach individuals from remote locations, who cannot be reached